Category: Reviews

Before the Scramble: A Scottish Missionary’s Story by Roderick Sutherland Haynes reveals the day-to-day writing of an early Christian missionary in what is now Malawi—one of very few such first-hand accounts to have survived nearly a century and a half.

Driven from Scotland by evangelical zeal, economic depression, and the lionized stories of David Livingstone, James Sutherland travels for months to the Eastern coast of Africa. But the young agriculturalist still has a long journey ahead of him before he arrives at the Livingstonia Mission on Lake Nyasa (now Lake Malawi). He boats up the rivers Zambesi and Shire alongside fellow missionaries and workers from local African tribes.

Withstanding the trials of unfamiliar landscape, constant travel, and tropical disease, Sutherland makes it to the largely British-controlled region around Lake Nyasa. Here, his work has only begun. Early missionaries worked in many fields at once to keep their stations running, and Sutherland takes on the even greater task of helping establish a new mission on a more promising plot of land.

From November 2^nd, 1880 to May 20^th, 1881, Sutherland recorded his experiences—not with an eye to being etched in history, but as one man in a complex and mercurial world. Haynes frames Sutherland’s journal entries with historical context, creating a fuller picture of this pivotal moment.

Before the Scramble contains clear and extensive research—into Sutherland himself, the many other figures who shaped the Lake Nyasa region, and the wider colonization of Africa. Primary sources and the works of various history experts match the authenticity of Sutherland’s own records. Readers will find bountiful references for further exploration of their own.

This book begins with a broad-scope introduction to the time and place where Sutherland worked, including maps which make British Central Africa approachable even to those with little previous knowledge of it. Haynes examines the influence of figures like David Livingstone on the mindsets and motivations of people in the late 19^th century, further illustrated by Sutherland’s own writings on their work.

Before the Scramble gives Sutherland’s entries enough space to breathe, preserving his authenticity as a direct witness and actor.

Sutherland writes simply compared to intentional historic records of the time, and in that simplicity gives his honest account of a land and people he’s never seen before. He shows the paternalistic views of his time, including a genuine belief in his spiritual calling as a missionary, but also curiosity and awe at the unfamiliar natural beauty of the Lake Nyasa region.

His specific language provides ample opportunity to learn about the terminology of the day, and what it reveals about the culture surrounding these missionaries. Sutherland writes this personal journal with an unguarded voice, open about the particular hardships of travel as well as his thoughts on the various people he meets—African, Arab, and British alike.

These journal entries conclude with a number of poems that Sutherland referenced, as well as three letters he sent back to his family members. These give a rare insight into his personal emotional perspective on life at the time, a fascinating piece of history that can’t be found outside of such direct first-hand accounts.

As Sutherland illustrates the complexities of his life, Haynes gives a nuanced explanation of the role these early missionaries played in the eventual colonial scramble for Africa.

Haynes points out the Victorian attitudes that people like Sutherland held and which were used to justify European imperialism: the cultural supremacy of Europe; the moral imperative to convert ‘heathens’ to Christianity; the desire to bring commerce and ‘civilization’ to Africa.

While the history of colonialism bears out the immeasurable violence behind these ideas, Before the Scramble considers the moral nuances of people like Sutherland, especially as he witnesses some of the cruel Arab slave trade that European powers claimed to be fighting against.

Regardless of intentions, Haynes explains how the work of these missionaries established infrastructure and social dynamics that would empower the following imperial conquest. And how, in turn, that conquest would provide the powerful backing for future missionaries to achieve their goals of conversion.

This truly unique record shows the intricacies of daily life that are so easily scoured away by the sands of time.

Before the Scramble is both a fascinating read in itself and a valuable companion piece for broader-scope historical writing about the early missionaries in central-Southern Africa. Sutherland’s ground-level experience of the Lake Nyasa region provides a glimpse into the challenges and subtle realities of those who walked a similar path to him. History readers, however well-seasoned, will find Before the Scramble a remarkable and human account of journey, purpose, and complex colonial groundwork.